Shumin Zhai Research Publications
Click on any of the above for more up to date lists of my publications I started the following list circa 1994 when the web was at its infancy. I have not been able to update it properly for the past 10 years. Instead, I hope sites such as ResearchGate will make my research accessible to all researchers and students while respecting various copyright obligations and practices. In addition to PDFs, ACM DL often also has short videos that are open access.
The following two recent articles may not be available elsewhere for a while. They both are Open Access for non-commercial use.
C-PAK: Correcting and Completing Variable-length Prefix-based Abbreviated Keystrokes
Tianshi Li, Philip Quinn, Shumin Zhai
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), Accepted May 2022, https://doi.org/10.1145/3544101
Deep Touch: Sensing Press Gestures from Touch Image Sequences
Philip Quinn, Wenxin Feng, Shumin Zhai
In Yang Li & Otmar Hilliges (Eds), Artificial Intelligence for Human Computer Interaction: A Modern Approach
[Older papers, see Google Scholar or Research Gate for papers since 2018]
Modeling gesture-typing movements
P Quinn, S Zhai
Human–Computer Interaction 33 (3), 234-280, 2018
M3 Gesture Menu: Design and Experimental Analyses of Marking Menus for Touchscreen Mobile Interaction
J Zheng, X Bi, K Li, Y Li, S Zhai, 2018
Modern Touchscreen Keyboards as Intelligent User Interfaces: A Research Review
S Zhai
Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 1-2 (Conference Keynote Abstract), 2017
A cost-benefit study of text entry suggestion interaction
P Quinn, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems …
WatchWriter: Tap and gesture typing on a smartwatch miniature keyboard with statistical decoding
M Gordon, T Ouyang, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
IJqwerty: What difference does one key change make? Gesture typing keyboard optimization bounded by one key position change from Qwerty
X Bi, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
TOCHI Editor-in-Chief Transition: Farewell from Shumin Zhai, Welcome Ken Hinckley
S Zhai
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 22 (6), 2015
Differences and similarities between finger and pen stroke gestures on stationary and mobile devices
H Tu, X Ren, S Zhai
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 22 (5), 2015
Long short term memory neural network for keyboard gesture decoding
O Alsharif, T Ouyang, F Beaufays, S Zhai, T Breuel, J Schalkwyk
Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2015 IEEE International …
Optimizing touchscreen keyboards for gesture typing
BA Smith, X Bi, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing …2015
Effects of language modeling and its personalization on touchscreen typing performance
A Fowler, K Partridge, C Chelba, X Bi, T Ouyang, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing …2015
Performance and user experience of touchscreen and gesture keyboards in a lab setting and in the wild
S Reyal, S Zhai, PO Kristensson
Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing …2015
Both complete and correct?: multi-objective optimization of touchscreen keyboard
X Bi, T Ouyang, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
2014
TOCHI turns twenty (Editorial)
S Zhai
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 21 (1), 1
Understanding multilingual touchscreen keyboard design and optimization
X Bi, BA Smith, S Zhai
Human-Computer Interaction,{http://dx. doi. org/10.1080/07370024.2011. 625237}
Shapewriter on the iphone: from the laboratory to the real world
S Zhai, PO Kristensson, P Gong, M Greiner, SA Peng, LM Liu, A Dunnigan
CHI'09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2667-2670
2009
Using strokes as command shortcuts: cognitive benefits and toolkit support
C Appert, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
2009
The performance of touch screen soft buttons
S Lee, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
2009
System and method for issuing commands based on pen motions on a graphical keyboard
S Zhai, PO Kristensson
US Patent 7,487,461
Introduction to computer input devices and their evaluation
S Zhai
Retrieved from IBM Almaden Research Center web site: http://www. almaden …
2009
Gaze-aided human-computer and human-human dialogue
P Qvarfordt, S Zhai
Handbook of Research on Socio-Technical Design and Social Networking Systems …
2009
Delivering Unified User Experience By Automatically Teaming Up Information Appliances With General Purpose PC Through Internet
M Yin, S Zhai
US Patent App. 11/668,054
2008
Apparatus and method using color-coded or pattern-coded keys in two-key input per character text entry
E Kandogan, S Zhai
US Patent 7,362,243
2008
Interlaced QWERTY: accommodating ease of visual search and input flexibility in shape writing
S Zhai, PO Kristensson
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
262008
On the ease and efficiency of human-computer interfaces
S Zhai
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications, 9-10
2008
Improving word-recognizers using an interactive lexicon with active and passive words
PO Kristensson, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user …
2008
Introduction to shape writing
S Zhai, PO Kristensson
192007
System and method for recognizing word patterns based on a virtual keyboard layout
S Zhai
US Patent 7,251,367
1142007
Hard lessons: effort-inducing interfaces benefit spatial learning
A Cockburn, PO Kristensson, J Alexander, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
442007
Command strokes with and without preview: using pen gestures on keyboard for command selection
PO Kristensson, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
452007
Modeling human performance of pen stroke gestures
X Cao, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
942007
Learning shape writing by game playing
PO Kristensson, S Zhai
CHI'07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1971-1976
222007
Mobile interaction techniques II
S Zhai
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of the SIGCHI …
2007
Beyond the desktop metaphor in seven dimensions
TP Moran, S Zhai
Beyond the Desktop Metaphor—Designing Integrated Digital Work Environments …
242007
Camera phone based motion sensing: interaction techniques, applications and performance study
J Wang, S Zhai, J Canny
Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and …
1672006
Edge touchpad input device
BA Smith, S Zhai
US Patent 7,088,343
1512006
The benefits of augmenting telephone voice menu navigation with visual browsing and search
M Yin, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems …
542006
System and method for accelerating Chinese text input
H Su, J Wang, S Zhai
US Patent 7,013,258
592006
General Editorial and Management Board
D Murray, G Lindgaard, D Day, J Noyes, R Brooks, DP Browne, ...
Interacting with Computers 3 (1), U991
2006
Dial and see: tackling the voice menu navigation problem with cross-device user experience integration
M Yin, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and …
202005
Realtourist–a study of augmenting human-human and human-computer dialogue with eye-gaze overlay
P Qvarfordt, D Beymer, S Zhai
IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 767-780
292005
Connection time for strange devices
JJ Barton, F Folowosele, S Nylander, M Houston, S Zhai
Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 2006. WMCSA'06. Proceedings. 7th …
22005
Mobile phones will become the primary personal computing devices
JJ Barton, S Zhai, SB Cousins
Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 2006. WMCSA'06. Proceedings. 7th …
582005
Typing accuracy relaxation system and method in stylus and other keyboards
J Karidis, P Kristensson, S Zhai
US Patent App. 10/723,469
282005
Conversing with the user based on eye-gaze patterns
P Qvarfordt, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
1662005
System and method for selectively expanding or contracting a portion of a display using eye-gaze tracking
S Farrell, S Zhai
US Patent App. 10/648,120
52005
Introduction to sensing-based interaction
S Zhai, V Bellotti
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 12 (1), 1-2
162005
Smooth scrolling system and method
S Zhai
US Patent 6,856,326
272005
Relaxing stylus typing precision by geometric pattern matching
PO Kristensson, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user …
772005
CHI... Conference Proceedings
W Kellogg, S Zhai, C Gale, GC Veer
Association for Computing Machinery
2005
SHARK: Fast High-Accuracy Text Entry and Command Input on Pen-based Computers
PO Kristensson, S Zhai
Mälardalen University
2005
Explorations and Experiments on the Use of Auditory and Visual Feedback in Pen-Gesture Interfaces
TH Andersen, S Zhai
Tech Report 04/16
2004
Speed–accuracy tradeoff in Fitts’ law tasks—on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision
S Zhai, J Kong, X Ren
International journal of human-computer studies 61 (6), 823-856
1672004
Characterizing computer input with Fitts’ law parameters—the information and non-information aspects of pointing
S Zhai
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 61 (6), 791-809
1692004
SHARK 2: a large vocabulary shorthand writing system for pen-based computers
PO Kristensson, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and …
2592004
Two-key input per character text entry apparatus and method
E Kandogan, S Zhai
US Patent 6,765,556
662004
View size and pointing difficulty in multi-scale navigation
Y Guiard, M Beaudouin-Lafon, J Bastin, D Pasveer, S Zhai
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces, 117-124
422004
Top-down learning strategies: can they facilitate stylus keyboard learning?
PUJ Lee, S Zhai
International journal of human-computer studies 60 (5-6), 585-598
272004
TNT: a numeric keypad based text input method
M Ingmarsson, D Dinka, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
632004
Human action laws in electronic virtual worlds: an empirical study of path steering performance in VR
S Zhai, J Accot, R Woltjer
Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 13 (2), 113-127
812004
In search of effective text input interfaces for off the desktop computing
S Zhai, PO Kristensson, BA Smith
Interacting with computers 17 (3), 229-250
722004
Relaxing Stylus Typing Precision by Geometric Pattern Matching
S Zhai
2004
The Computer Mouse and Related Input Devices
S Zhai
Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-‐Computer Interaction. WS Bainbridge (ed)
22004
Paul P. Maglio, Teenie Matlock, Christopher S. Campbell
S Zhai, BA Smith
Advances in Multimodal Interfaces-ICMI 2000: Third International Conference …
2003
Human on-line response to target expansion
S Zhai, S Conversy, M Beaudouin-Lafon, Y Guiard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
1522003
Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing
J Accot, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
2182003
Shorthand writing on stylus keyboard
S Zhai, PO Kristensson
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
2792003
High precision touch screen interaction
PA Albinsson, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
3872003
Why Don't You Trust Me Anymore? Or the Role of Trust in Troubleshooting Activities of System Administrators
E Kandogan, PP Maglio
Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2003)
72003
Human movement performance in relation to path constraint-the law of steering in locomotion
S Zhai, R Woltjer
Virtual Reality, 2003. Proceedings. IEEE, 149-156
282003What's in the eyes for attentive input
S Zhai
Communications of the ACM 46 (3), 34-39
1192003
Candidate Display Styles in Japanese Input.
X Ren, K Tamura, J Kong, S Zhai
INTERACT
62003
Collaboration meets Fitts' law: Passing virtual objects with and without haptic force feedback
EL Sallnäs, S Zhai
IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 97-104
592003
Visual scrolling feedback and method of achieving the same
MC Wirth, S Zhai
US Patent 6,476,831
642002
Performance optimization of virtual keyboards
S Zhai, M Hunter, BA Smith
Human–Computer Interaction 17 (2-3), 229-269
2582002
On the validity of throughput as a characteristic of computer input
S Zhai
Almaden Research Center
292002
System and method for selection of vehicular sideview mirrors via eye gaze
SR Alpert, S Zhai
US Patent 6,397,137
232002
Method and apparatus for determining eye contact
A Amir, MD Flickner, DB Koons, CH Morimoto, S Zhai
US Patent 6,393,136
942002
Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding
S Zhai, A Sue, J Accot
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
2002
More than dotting the i's---foundations for crossing-based interfaces
J Accot, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
2002
Multiplexing control device and method for electronic systems
S Zhai, PE Partin
US Patent 6,340,800
2002
Human input to computer systems: theories, techniques and technology
W Buxton, M Billinghurst, Y Guiard, A Sellen, S Zhai
Manuscrito de livro em andamento, sem editora
2002
Graphical user interface with anti-interference outlines for enhanced variably-transparent applications
BL Harrison, WAS Buxton, S Zhai
US Patent 6,317,128
1072001
Mouth operated input device for an electronically responsive device
CJ Salem, S Zhai
US Patent 6,222,524
2001
Alphabetically biased virtual keyboards are easier to use: layout does matter
S Zhai, BA Smith
CHI'01 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, 321-322
342001
Integrated gaze/manual cursor positioning system
A Amir, MD Flickner, SC Ihde, S Zhai
US Patent 6,204,828
782001
Chinese input with keyboard and eye-tracking: an anatomical study
J Wang, S Zhai, H Su
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
762001
Scale effects in steering law tasks
J Accot, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, 1-8
1432001
Keyboard having third button for multimode operation
EJ Selker, BA Smith, S Zhai
US Patent 6,188,390
102001
Input for three dimensional navigation using two joysticks
E Kandogan, BA Smith, S Zhai
US Patent 6,184,867
202001
Designing Feedback for an Attentive Office.
T Matlock, CS Campbell, PP Maglio, S Zhai, BA Smith
INTERACT, 721-722
42001
Telepresence under Exceptional Circumstances: Enriching the Connection to School for Sick Children.
DI Fels, JK Waalen, S Zhai, PL Weiss
INTERACT, 617-624
462001
Hand eye coordination patterns in target selection
BA Smith, J Ho, W Ark, S Zhai
Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications …
752000
The metropolis keyboard-an exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design
S Zhai, M Hunter, BA Smith
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and …
2000
Physics-based graphical keyboard design
M Hunter, S Zhai, BA Smith
CHI'00 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, 157-158
2000
Gaze and speech in attentive user interfaces
PP Maglio, T Matlock, CS Campbell, S Zhai, BA Smith
Advances in Multimodal Interfaces—ICMI 2000, 1-7
2000
What You Feel Must Be What You See: Adding Tactile Feedback to the Trackpoint.
CS Campbell, S Zhai, KM May, PP Maglio
INTERACT, 383-390
1999
Finger manipulatable 6 degree-of-freedom input device
S Zhai, P Milgram
US Patent 5,923,318
1999
Performance evaluation of input devices in trajectory-based tasks: an application of the steering law
J Accot, S Zhai
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
1999
Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing
S Zhai, C Morimoto, S Ihde
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …
1999
In search of the ‘magic carpet’: Design and experimentation of a bimanual 3d navigation interface
S Zhai, E Kandogan, BA Smith, T Selker
Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 10 (1), 3-17
441999
Multistream input: an experimental study of document scrolling methods
S Zhai, BA Smith
IBM Systems Journal 38 (4), 642-651
1999
Keeping an eye for HCI
CH Morimoto, D Koons, A Amit, M Flickner, S Zhai
Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 1999. Proceedings. XII Brazilian …
1999
Manual and cognitive benefits of two-handed input: an experimental study
A Leganchuk, S Zhai, W Buxton
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 5 (4), 326-359
1998
Interaction in 3D graphics
S Zhai
SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics Newsletter 32 (4)
1998
User performance in relation to 3D input device design
S Zhai
ACM Siggraph Computer Graphics 32 (4), 50-54
1998 Landmarks to aid navigation in a graphical user interface
DC Dryer, T Selker, S Zhai
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Division
1998
Representation matters: The effect of 3D objects and a spatial metaphor in a graphical user interface
W Ark, DC Dryer, T Selker, S Zhai
People and Computers XIII, 209-219
1998
Teaching old mice new tricks: Innovations in computer mouse design
S Zhai, IS MacKenzie
Proceedings of Ergon-Axia 98, 80-83
1998
Quantifying coordination in multiple DOF movement and its application to evaluating 6 DOF input devices
S Zhai, P Milgram
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
91998
Investigating coordination in multidegree of freedom control I: time-on-target analysis of 6 DOF tracking
S Zhai, JW Senders
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41 (2 …
1997
Anisotropic human performance in six degree-of-freedom tracking: An evaluation of three-dimensional display and control interfaces
S Zhai, P Milgram, A Rastogi
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and …
1997
Visual attention techniques in the graphical user interface
JD Wright, S Zhai, T Selker, SA Kelin
Human Vision and Electronic Imaging II 3016, 215-223
1997An isometric tongue pointing device
C Salem, S Zhai
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing …
1997
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
J Accot, S Zhai
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing …
1997
Dual stream input for pointing and scrolling
S Zhai, BA Smith, T Selker
CHI'97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 305-306
1997
Graphical means of directing users’ attention in the visual interface
S Zhai, J Wright, T Selker, SA Kelin
Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT’97, 59-66
1997
A comparative study on criminological characteristics of homicides in schizophrenics
C Han, J Wang, S Zhai
CHINESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 30, 25-27
1997
Representation Matters: Spatial Interface Can Facilitate Target Acquisition
T Selker, I May, S Zhai
IBM Research Division
1997
Improving Browsing Performance: A study of four input devices for scrolling and pointing tasks
S Zhai, BA Smith, T Selker
Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT’97, 286-293
1997
The partial-occlusion effect: Utilizing semitransparency in 3D human-computer interaction
S Zhai, W Buxton, P Milgram
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 3 (3), 254-284
1996
The influence of muscle groups on performance of multiple degree-of-freedom input
S Zhai, P Milgram, W Buxton
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems …
1996
The effects of using fine muscle groups in multiple degree-of-freedom input
S Zhai, P Milgram, W Buxton
Proc. ACM CHI 96, 308-315
1996
Human performance in six degree of freedom input control.
S Zhai
University of Toronto
1996
Merging real and virtual worlds
P Milgram, D Drascic, JJ Grodski, A Restogi, S Zhai, C Zhou
Proceedings of IMAGINA 95, 218-230, 1995
Asymmetrical spatial accuracy in 3D tracking
S Zhai, P Milgram
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38 (4 …
191994
Input techniques for HCI in 3D Environments
S Zhai, P Milgram
Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems, 85-86, 1994
The “Silk Cursor”: investigating transparency for 3D target acquisition
S Zhai, W Buxton, P Milgram
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems …1994
Input Techniques for 3-D Environments
S Zhai
ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1994
Semi-transparent" silk" user interface objects: Supporting focused and divided attention
BL Harrison, S Zhai, KJ Vicente, W Buxton
CEL Technical Report, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of …1994
Human performance evaluation of isometric and elastic rate controllers in a six-degree-of-freedom tracking task
S Zhai, P Milgram
Telemanipulator Technology and Space Telerobotics 2057, 130-142, 1993
Investigation of feel for 6DOF inputs: Isometric and elastic rate control for manipulation in 3D environments
S Zhai
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37 (4 …1993
Human performance evaluation of manipulation schemes in virtual environments
S Zhai, P Milgram
Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium, 1993., 1993 IEEE, 155-161
1391993
From icons to interface models: designing hypermedia from the bottom up
JA Waterworth, MH Chignell, SM Zhai
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 39 (3), 453-472, 1993
Applications of augmented reality for human-robot communication
P Milgram, S Zhai, D Drascic, J Grodski
Intelligent Robots and Systems' 93, IROS'93. Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE …1993
Virtual reality for palmtop computers
GW Fitzmaurice, S Zhai, MH Chignell
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) 11 (3), 197-218, 1993
ARGOS: A display system for augmenting reality
D Drascic, JJ Grodski, P Milgram, K Ruffo, P Wong, S Zhai
Proceedings of the INTERACT'93 and CHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1993
An evaluation of four 6 degree-of-freedom input techniques
S Zhai, P Milgram, D Drascic
INTERACT'93 and CHI'93 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1993
An evaluation of four 6 degree-of-freedom input techniques," Adjunct
S ZHAI
Proc. INTERCHI'93: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,
1993
Human-robot synergism and virtual telerobotic control
S Zhai, P Milgram
PROCEEDINGS-HUMAN FACTORS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA 25, 201-201, 1992
Telerobotic virtual control system
S Zhai, P Milgram
Cooperative Intelligent Robotics in Space II 1612, 311-323, 1992
An information structural model of vehicle navigation and its implications
S Zhai
Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, 1991 2, 1-7
Gaze and Speech in Attentive User Interfaces
P Maglio, T Matlock, CS Campbell, S Zhai, BA Smith
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Phone N’Computer (PnC) Teaming up an Information Appliance with a PC
M Yin, J Pierce, S Zhai
Three different approaches to the law of steering: A historical review
J Accot, S Zhai
Augmented Reality and Teleoperation
D Drascic, S Zhai, P Milgram, JJ Grodski
Applications of Augmented Reality to Human-Robot Synergism
P Milgram, S Zhai, D Drascic, J Grodski